{ "status": "research-in-progress", "reviewedOn": "2026-10-15", "historicalProfileIds": [ "mapela-hill-center", "mapungubwe-royal-center", "khami-torwa-center", "mutapa-regional-power", "rozvi-regional-power", "ndebele-zimbabwe-kingdom", "zulu-sovereign-kingdom", "zululand-colonial-transition", "basotho-moshoeshoe-polity", "basutoland-british-phase", "lesotho-independent-kingdom", "swazi-royal-formation", "swaziland-colonial-phase", "swaziland-independent-name", "eswatini-current-name", "bechuanaland-protectorate", "botswana-independent-republic", "natalia-republic-phase", "natal-british-colony", "transvaal-republic-phases", "orange-free-state-phase", "south-africa-union-phase", "south-africa-republic-phase", "southern-rhodesia-colonial-phase", "rhodesia-nyasaland-federation", "rhodesia-udi-phase", "zimbabwe-rhodesia-1979", "southern-rhodesia-governor-transition", "zimbabwe-independent-republic" ], "livingProfileIds": [ "zulu-linguistic-communities", "basotho-living-communities", 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"southernafrica-authority-zululand-1900" ], "comparisonIds": [ "southernafrica-zulu-1878", "southernafrica-zulu-1880", "southernafrica-natal-1878", "southernafrica-natal-1880", "southernafrica-natal-1900", "southernafrica-botswana-1994", "southernafrica-lesotho-1994", "southernafrica-swaziland-1994", "southernafrica-zimbabwe-1994", "southernafrica-south-africa-1994", "southernafrica-botswana-2000", "southernafrica-lesotho-2000", "southernafrica-swaziland-2000", "southernafrica-zimbabwe-2000", "southernafrica-south-africa-2000", "southernafrica-botswana-2010", "southernafrica-lesotho-2010", "southernafrica-swaziland-2010", "southernafrica-zimbabwe-2010", "southernafrica-south-africa-2010" ], "seshatLinkProfileIds": [ "great-zimbabwe", "mutapa-regional-power", "rozvi-regional-power", "khami-torwa-center" ], "sourceCriticism": [ { "sources": [ "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/", "https://www.sanparks.org/parks/mapungubwe/explore/natural-cultural-history", "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111224" ], "note": "Le développement régional de 900–1300, la résidence royale de 1220–1300 et le repère 1220–1290 ne sont pas un même événement. L’étude de Mapela de 2014 conteste un modèle d’origine unique. Les publications ultérieures ne sont pas dépouillées exhaustivement." }, { "sources": [ "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/365/", "https://sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe" ], "note": "Le texte UNESCO de Khami juxtapose un début après le milieu du XVIe siècle, une synthèse 1450–1650 et un abandon au XIXe siècle. La synthèse SAHO distingue des changements au XVe siècle et en 1644. Ces formulations ne sont pas fusionnées en une seule date certaine." }, { "sources": [ "https://sahistory.org.za/article/transformation-southern-africa-timeline-1700-1800", "https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/86dbc889-7f9a-4d51-a30b-7c519c4f04e1/content" ], "note": "Natalia : proclamation de 1838 dans la chronologie SAHO, repère de 1839 dans l’étude universitaire sur Durban consultée par son indexation ; annexion de 1843 distinguée de la soumission militaire de 1842." }, { "sources": [ "https://www.gov.ls/about-lesotho/", "https://www.gov.ls/culture/lesotho-to-commemorate-200-years/" ], "note": "1822 et 1824 renvoient à des repères politiques ou commémoratifs distincts. Ils ne datent pas la naissance de tous les Basotho." }, { "sources": [ "https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/e998f5e0-4f21-484e-b0ce-66b70455a70a", "https://sahistory.org.za/archive/federation-0" ], "note": "Annexion proclamée en 1900 et fin des combats en 1902 sont distinguées ; aucune souveraineté uniforme dès la proclamation n’est déduite." } ], "sourceAccessNotes": [ { "sources": [ "https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/9194cd59-f52c-4315-a805-228163c1b22b/content", "https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/86dbc889-7f9a-4d51-a30b-7c519c4f04e1/content" ], "access": "Extraits consultés dans l’indexation des dépôts universitaires ; mémoires intégraux non analysés." }, { "sources": [ "https://www.loc.gov/item/98681209/", "https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2022-08/staterep1botswana2008eng.pdf", "https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-7-tranche-guide.pdf" ], "access": "Extraits historiques consultés dans l’indexation des éditeurs officiels ; documents complets et image cartographique non examinés." }, { "sources": [ "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111224" ], "access": "Résumé et introduction consultés ; pas de réanalyse des datations, des fouilles ni des données restreintes." }, { "sources": [ "https://ich.unesco.org/fr/USL/le-dikopelo-musique-traditionnelle-des-bakgatla-ba-kgafela-dans-le-district-de-kgatleng-01290" ], "access": "Titre et description consultés dans l’indexation officielle UNESCO ; ne représente pas un inventaire exhaustif des identités tswana." } ], "originalSourceGeometriesChanged": false, "segmentBySegmentBoundaryValidations": 0, "cshapesDiagnostics": "./cshapes-comparisons.json", "historicalReview": "Chronologies et associations documentées ; les diagnostics ne certifient pas les limites complètes ni l’indépendance de toutes les sources initiales.", "sources": [ { "title": "Mapungubwe Cultural Landscape · développement régional de 900 à 1300", "author": "UNESCO · patrimoine mondial 1099", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1099/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Mapungubwe · implantation sur la colline entre 1220 et 1300", "author": "South African National Parks", "url": "https://www.sanparks.org/parks/mapungubwe/explore/natural-cultural-history", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Zimbabwe Culture before Mapungubwe · résumé et introduction, PLOS ONE 9(10), e111224 (2014)", "author": "Chirikure, Manyanga, Pollard, Bandama, Mahachi et Pikirayi", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0111224", "supports": [ "archaeological-period", "geographic-context", "uncertainty" ] }, { "title": "Great Zimbabwe National Monument · constructions 1100–1450", "author": "UNESCO · patrimoine mondial 364", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/364/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Khami Ruins · centre Torwa, chronologies à distinguer", "author": "UNESCO · patrimoine mondial 365", "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/365/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Zimbabwe · Mutapa, Torwa, Rozvi et pouvoir ndebele", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/place/zimbabwe", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Shaka Zulu · règne et construction du royaume", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/people/shaka-zulu", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "The Zulu kingdom and the colony of Natal · 1879, 1887 et 1897", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/article/zulu-kingdom-and-colony-natal", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "QODESA and the Zulu King · guerre, annexion et Natal", "author": "National Archives of South Africa · ITEM COD-0075-0042", "url": "https://www.nationalarchives.gov.za/sites/default/files/ITEM_COD-0075-0042-_-009.pdf", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "About Lesotho · unification en 1822, indépendance en 1966", "author": "Gouvernement du Lesotho", "url": "https://www.gov.ls/about-lesotho/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Lesotho to commemorate 200 years · Thaba Bosiu et repère de 1824", "author": "Gouvernement du Lesotho", "url": "https://www.gov.ls/culture/lesotho-to-commemorate-200-years/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Basutoland · carte et notice historique, protection de 1868 et colonie de 1884", "author": "Library of Congress · notice 98681209, texte indexé ; image non examinée", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/98681209/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Lesotho Timeline · protection et indépendance", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/article/lesotho-timeline", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Who we are · formation du royaume swazi et indépendance", "author": "Gouvernement d’Eswatini", "url": "https://www.gov.sz/index.php/about-us-sp-15933109/who-we-are", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "The early encounter between the Swazi and the Western world · bornes de Mswati II, extrait indexé", "author": "University of KwaZulu-Natal · dépôt de recherche", "url": "https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/9194cd59-f52c-4315-a805-228163c1b22b/content", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Choosing a King · administration et protection à partir des années 1890", "author": "Gouvernement d’Eswatini", "url": "https://www.gov.sz/index.php/choosing-a-king", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "State Opening · discours du 6 septembre 1968", "author": "Parlement d’Eswatini", "url": "https://parliament.gov.sz/about/stateopening/", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Eswatini · changement de nom prenant effet le 19 avril 2018", "author": "Organisation des Nations unies", "url": "https://www.un.org/en/about-us/member-states/eswatini", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "History · indépendance du 30 septembre 1966", "author": "Parlement du Botswana", "url": "https://parliament.gov.bw/index.php?Itemid=163&id=6&option=com_content&view=article", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Botswana · reconnaissance et indépendance de 1966", "author": "US Department of State", "url": "https://history.state.gov/countries/botswana", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Premier rapport périodique du Botswana · histoire du protectorat de 1885, extrait indexé", "author": "Botswana / Commission africaine des droits de l’homme et des peuples", "url": "https://achpr.au.int/sites/default/files/files/2022-08/staterep1botswana2008eng.pdf", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Natal devient une province de l’Union · période coloniale et 31 mai 1910", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/natal-becomes-part-union-south-africa", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Durban 1824–1910: The Formation of a Settler Elite · repère de 1839, extrait indexé", "author": "University of KwaZulu-Natal · dépôt de recherche", "url": "https://researchspace.ukzn.ac.za/server/api/core/bitstreams/86dbc889-7f9a-4d51-a30b-7c519c4f04e1/content", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Transformation in Southern Africa Timeline · phase de la république de Natalia", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/article/transformation-southern-africa-timeline-1700-1800", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Heritage Route of Transvaal · annexion de 1877 et restauration de 1881", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/place/heritage-route-transvaal-limpopo-and-mpumalanga", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Débat du 25 juillet 1881 · convention de 1852 et annexion du Transvaal", "author": "UK Parliament · Hansard", "url": "https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1881-07-25/debates/57555963-7c30-419c-ba62-a5ee3f9536c7/CommonsChamber", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Constitution de l’État libre d’Orange · 7 avril 1854", "author": "South African History Online", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/dated-event/adoption-orange-free-state-constitution", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Die Britse veroweringsaanspraak op die Oranje-Vrystaat, 1900 · résumé", "author": "Journal for Contemporary History 36(2), 135–153 · University of the Free State", "url": "https://scholar.ufs.ac.za/items/e998f5e0-4f21-484e-b0ce-66b70455a70a", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Texte de la paix de Vereeniging · 1902", "author": "South African History Online · archive de document", "url": "https://sahistory.org.za/archive/federation-0", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "South Africa · Union du 31 mai 1910 et autonomie progressive", "author": "US Department of State", "url": "https://history.state.gov/countries/south-africa", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "History · passage à la république le 31 mai 1961", "author": "Présidence sud-africaine", "url": "https://www.presidency.gov.za/history", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Colonial administration records · Southern Rhodesia, 1923 et Fédération 1953–1963, extraits indexés", "author": "The National Archives · guide de la 7e tranche", "url": "https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/migrated-archives-7-tranche-guide.pdf", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Zimbabwe · indépendance du 18 avril 1980, UDI de 1965 non reconnue", "author": "US Department of State", "url": "https://history.state.gov/countries/zimbabwe", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Débat du 22 mai 1979 · gouvernement prévu au 1er juin", "author": "UK Parliament · Hansard", "url": "https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1979-05-22/debates/ba104858-df4e-4c05-9ca6-f4a47c0086e9/LordsChamber", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Débat du 12 décembre 1979 · retour du gouverneur et transition", "author": "UK Parliament · Hansard", "url": "https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/1979-12-12/debates/160c48db-abd4-44eb-bc12-acc57f7174ab/CommonsChamber", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Zimbabwe · administration directe du 12 décembre 1979 au 17 avril 1980", "author": "UK Parliament · Foreign Affairs, written evidence 2005", "url": "https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmfaff/111/111we03.htm", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Constitution du Zimbabwe · 18 avril 1980", "author": "Autorités législatives nationales · dépôt UNHCR Refworld", "url": "https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1980/91708", "supports": [ "chronology", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "South Africa at a glance · langues documentées aujourd’hui", "author": "Gouvernement sud-africain", "url": "https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance", "supports": [ "living-people", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Dikopelo · communauté des Bakgatla ba Kgafela, dossier 01290", "author": "UNESCO · patrimoine culturel immatériel", "url": "https://ich.unesco.org/fr/USL/le-dikopelo-musique-traditionnelle-des-bakgatla-ba-kgafela-dans-le-district-de-kgatleng-01290", "supports": [ "living-people", "geographic-context" ] }, { "title": "Afrique australe · recoupements datés avec CShapes 2.0", "author": "LandLapse · diagnostics de représentations, frontières non certifiées", "url": "https://landlapse.pages.dev/data/southern-africa/cshapes-comparisons.json", "supports": [ "geometry-comparison", "uncertainty" ] } ] }