{
  "status": "research-in-progress",
  "reviewedOn": "2026-10-16",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Kalmuklar · formations oïrates et transformations",
      "author": "Muallâ Uydu Yücel · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, section historique, 2001",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kalmuklar",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Kazaklar · histoire et institutions",
      "author": "Keith Hitchins · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, section historique, 2022",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kazaklar#1",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate",
      "author": "Portail national E-history.kz · récit attribuant 1465–1466 à Muhammad Haydar Dulati",
      "url": "https://e-history.kz/en/amp/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9553",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Revolt of 1837–1847 under the leadership of khan Kenesary",
      "author": "Portail national E-history.kz",
      "url": "https://e-history.kz/en/history-of-kazakhstan/show/9571",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "History of colonial reform · chartes de 1822 et 1824",
      "author": "Portail national E-history.kz, 2017 ; sources originales des chartes non lues",
      "url": "https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7077",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Enslaved in Dzungaria: what an eighteenth-century crocheting instructor can teach us about overland globalisation",
      "author": "Lisa Hellman · Journal of Global History 17(3), 2022, p. 374–393 ; en ligne 21 mai 2021 · DOI 10.1017/S1740022821000176",
      "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-global-history/article/enslaved-in-dzungaria-what-an-eighteenthcentury-crocheting-instructor-can-teach-us-about-overland-globalisation/144F870E1D0ED51A93D25C0CEA5257D5",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The Qing Extermination of the Zünghars · résumé accessible",
      "author": "David Brophy · The Cambridge World History of Genocide, 2023 ; chapitre intégral non lu",
      "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/cambridge-world-history-of-genocide/qing-extermination-of-the-zunghars/6D038CADD0F808459451175C1CAD6DC5",
      "supports": [
        "population-history",
        "chronology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Potala Palace · A Monument of Tibetan Cultural Identity",
      "author": "Natasha N. Kimmet · Rubin Museum, Project Himalayan Art ; PDF, p. 5 et 7 examinées",
      "url": "https://rubinmuseum.org/projecthimalayanart/essays/potala-palace/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Independence day · 16 décembre 1991",
      "author": "Portail officiel GOV.KZ · contenu consulté par l’outil web, corps absent du fichier HTML natif",
      "url": "https://www.gov.kz/org/almaty-depfin/press/events/details/4023?lang=en",
      "supports": [
        "chronology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Kazakh traditional art of Dombra Kuy · élément 00996",
      "author": "UNESCO Patrimoine culturel immatériel · inscription 2014",
      "url": "https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/kazakh-traditional-art-of-dombra-kuy-00996?lang=en",
      "supports": [
        "cultural-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Oirad-Kalmyk-Darkhat · kalm1243, ISO 639-3 xal",
      "author": "Glottolog 5.3 · Hammarström, Forkel, Haspelmath et Bank, éditeurs",
      "url": "https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kalm1243",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cliopatria v0.2.1 · périodes et géométries sources",
      "author": "Seshat Global History Databank",
      "url": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria/tree/v0.2.1",
      "supports": [
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "chronologyContrasts": [
    {
      "topic": "Oïrats",
      "seshatBounds": [
        1368,
        1630
      ],
      "fourOiratsClioBounds": [
        1402,
        1474
      ],
      "laterOiratClioBounds": [
        1619,
        1676
      ],
      "tdvTogonReign": [
        1416,
        1439
      ],
      "tdvEsenReign": [
        1439,
        1455
      ],
      "oneUniformStateInferred": false
    },
    {
      "topic": "Dzoungars",
      "hellmanPublishedBounds": [
        1635,
        1757
      ],
      "tdvDestructionYear": 1758,
      "seshatBounds": [
        1670,
        1757
      ],
      "clioBounds": [
        1609,
        1756
      ],
      "oneFoundationOrDisappearanceAdopted": false,
      "nameSpecificGap": [
        1619,
        1676
      ],
      "otherNamedCoverage": "Oirat Confederation",
      "geographicCoverageAbsenceInferred": false,
      "automaticNameSubstitutionApplied": false
    },
    {
      "topic": "Khoshut et Güüshi",
      "gushiBirthYearInKimmet": 1582,
      "gushiTibetanReignInKimmet": [
        1642,
        1655
      ],
      "clioBounds": [
        1582,
        1695
      ],
      "foundationInferredFromBirth": false,
      "allKhoshutGroupsIdentifiedWithTibetanGovernment": false
    },
    {
      "topic": "Khanat kazakh",
      "formationSourceBounds": [
        1465,
        1466
      ],
      "tdvUnificationEra": "début du XVIe siècle sous Qasym",
      "clioBounds": [
        1468,
        1847
      ],
      "institutionalReformYears": [
        1822,
        1824
      ],
      "kenesaryRevoltBounds": [
        1837,
        1847
      ],
      "kenesaryElectionYear": 1841,
      "oneContinuousControlInferred": false
    },
    {
      "topic": "Kazakhstan",
      "independenceDay": "1991-12-16",
      "clioFirstYear": 1992,
      "clioLastYear": 2024,
      "foundationInferredFromFirstRecord": false
    },
    {
      "topic": "Volga",
      "tdvReturnMigrationYear": 1770,
      "existingNoticeEndYear": 1771,
      "existingNoticeSource": "Ochirov 2025",
      "existingNoticeOverwritten": false
    }
  ],
  "sourceCriticism": [
    "Le récit national E-history est distingué des textes de Dulati eux-mêmes, non lus ici ; ses traductions anglaises sont parfois défectueuses.",
    "Les versions linguistiques de la page de chronologie 116 présentent des titres et contenus différents ; elles ne servent pas seules à fixer des règnes.",
    "La TDV emploie une formulation d’élimination du peuple dzoungar ; le résumé de Brophy décrit des survivants et leur réinstallation. Aucun effectif de victimes ni extinction totale n’est adopté.",
    "Les descriptions de domination de toute l’Asie centrale dans une synthèse ne sont pas numérisées comme frontières.",
    "La TDV utilise 1770 pour la migration retour ; la notice kalmouke antérieure garde 1771 et son étude de 2025.",
    "Le PDF Brill a reçu 403 par l’outil web puis par une requête native ; il n’a pas été lu et aucun nouvel accès n’a été tenté.",
    "Le fichier GOV.KZ archivé est une enveloppe d’application sans corps d’article ; la date est lue par l’outil web public.",
    "Les effectifs et indicateurs linguistiques anciens de Glottolog ou de la TDV ne sont pas des recensements de 2026."
  ],
  "unavailableHistoricalReading": [
    {
      "url": "https://brill.com/downloadpdf/journals/inas/19/2/article-p297_297.pdf",
      "fullTextRead": false,
      "usedForAdoptedChronology": false
    }
  ],
  "pdfPagesVisuallyReviewed": [
    5,
    7
  ],
  "fullArticlesRead": false,
  "sourceIndependenceEstablished": false,
  "segmentBySegmentBoundaryValidations": 0
}