{
  "status": "research-in-progress",
  "reviewedOn": "2026-10-16",
  "sources": [
    {
      "title": "Cimmerians · noms, sources et identifications archéologiques",
      "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/cimmerians-nomads/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Iran V.2 · peuples préislamiques et contacts du Caucase",
      "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iran-v2-peoples-pre-islamic/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Alans · groupes caucasiens et migrations occidentales",
      "author": "V. I. Abaev et H. W. Bailey · Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1985",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/alans/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Khazars · formation, sources et diversité des populations",
      "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khazars/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The States of the Oghuz, the Kimek and the Kïpchak · p. 66–79",
      "author": "S. G. Agajanov · UNESCO, History of Civilizations of Central Asia IV.1, 1998",
      "url": "https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000112851",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Kıpçaklar · groupes, dénominations et phases",
      "author": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kipcaklar",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Peçenekler · phases et recompositions",
      "author": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/pecenekler",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Nogaylar · pouvoirs et communautés",
      "author": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nogaylar",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The population of the Kalmyk Khanate in the second half of the XVII–XVIII centuries and its mobilization potential",
      "author": "U. B. Ochirov · Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre, 9(85), 2025, p. 7–12 · DOI 10.19110/1994-5655-2025-9-7-12",
      "url": "https://izvestia.komisc.ru/images/Archive/2025/85/1._%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.pdf",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Sommaire du numéro 9(85), publié le 24 décembre 2025",
      "author": "Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre · portail de la revue",
      "url": "https://komisc.editorum.ru/en/nauka/issue/6a9c214332807fdbab88763f/issue-9-2025-proceedings-of-the-komi-science-centre-of-the-ural-division-of-the-russian-academy-of-sciences/view",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dépêche Morris à Seward, Constantinople, 21 avril 1864",
      "author": "U.S. Department of State · Foreign Relations of the United States, 1864, IV, document 407",
      "url": "https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1864p4/d407",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Circassia · mémoire, communautés et diaspora",
      "author": "Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization · présentation de communauté",
      "url": "https://unpo.org/member/circassia/",
      "supports": [
        "population-history",
        "cultural-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Kafkasya · cadres régionaux, populations et histoire",
      "author": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kafkasya",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dāḡestān · relations culturelles et langues",
      "author": "Fridrik Thordarson et Gadzhi Gamzatov · Encyclopaedia Iranica, 1993",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagestan/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Şeyh Şâmil · élections des imams et capitulation de 1859",
      "author": "Mustafa Budak · TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi, 2010",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/seyh-samil",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Portrait of Shamil · dirigeant, vie et capitulation de Gunib",
      "author": "State Historical Museum, Moscow · notice de collection",
      "url": "https://nav.shm.ru/en/exhibits/3058/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Müridizm · mouvements, pouvoirs et prolongements",
      "author": "TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi",
      "url": "https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/muridizm",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Civil war in the North Caucasus: the Mountain Republic, May 1918–May 1919",
      "author": "Vladimir B. Lobanov · Caucasology, 2022, 3, p. 95–104",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-3-95-104",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Formation of National State System of the North Caucasus Peoples, 1917–1936",
      "author": "European Proceedings · article de recherche, 2022",
      "url": "https://www.europeanproceedings.com/article/10.15405/epsbs.2022.12.31",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Empire and Mountains · projets de 1918, 1919 et 1920",
      "author": "Social Evolution & History, septembre 2013, p. 120–142",
      "url": "https://www.sociostudies.org/journal/files/seh/2013_2/120-142.pdf",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The Caucasus 1918–1920: War, Civil War, and State Building · carte p. 24",
      "author": "S. Dutzmann, Leipzig, 2015 · Caucasus Analytical Digest 84, 14 juin 2016",
      "url": "https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-010818937",
      "supports": [
        "documentary-map",
        "chronology"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The Ingush-Ossetian conflict in the Prigorodnyi region · contexte et déplacements",
      "author": "Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, 1996",
      "url": "https://www.hrw.org/reports/1996/Russia.htm",
      "supports": [
        "population-history",
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Déportation et rétablissement de l’autonomie · rapport sur l’URSS",
      "author": "Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, 1991",
      "url": "https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr.919/usssr919full.pdf",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Russia/Chechnya · Civil and Political Rights in Post-War Chechnya",
      "author": "Human Rights Watch, 1997",
      "url": "https://www.hrw.org/reports/1997/russia2/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Swept Under · contexte des phases de contrôle en Tchétchénie",
      "author": "Human Rights Watch, 2 février 2002",
      "url": "https://www.hrw.org/report/2002/02/02/swept-under/torture-forced-disappearances-and-extrajudicial-killings-during-sweep",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Annual Report 1997 · Assistance Group to Chechnya et élections du 27 janvier",
      "author": "Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe",
      "url": "https://cdn.osce.org/sites/default/files/f/documents/6/6/14551.pdf",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Constitution of Chechen Republic · texte de 1992",
      "author": "Texte constitutionnel du pouvoir proclamé · copie documentaire UNHCR Refworld",
      "url": "https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/1992/en/18825",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Formation de l’Ingouchie et cadres autonomes de 1934, 1936 et 1957",
      "author": "Bibliothèque présidentielle B. N. Eltsine · notice institutionnelle historique",
      "url": "https://www.prlib.ru/history/2112040",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "République d’Ingouchie · formation du 4 juin 1992 et cadres autonomes",
      "author": "Portail officiel de la République d’Ingouchie",
      "url": "https://www.ingushetia.ru/about/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "TITUS Didactica · corpus et langues du Caucase",
      "author": "Goethe-Universität Frankfurt · Jost Gippert et collaborateurs",
      "url": "https://titus.fkidg1.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/didact2.htm",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Das Avarische · noms, écritures et groupes linguistiques",
      "author": "Goethe-Universität Frankfurt · TITUS",
      "url": "https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/personal/manana/avar/avar02.htm",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Languages of South Daghestan · inventaire et toponymes",
      "author": "Goethe-Universität Frankfurt · TITUS Didactica",
      "url": "https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/karten/kauk/lakdarn.htm",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Caucasus II · contacts de langues et groupes tatiphones",
      "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/caucasus-ii/",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Person marking in Ubykh ditransitives · dernier locuteur pleinement compétent connu",
      "author": "Amy Rose Deal · University of California, Berkeley, version du 28 novembre 2020",
      "url": "https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ardeal/papers/Deal-Ubykh.pdf",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "ASJP Database · Ubykh, statut linguistique et sources",
      "author": "André Müller et éditeurs ASJP",
      "url": "https://asjp.clld.org/languages/UBYKH",
      "supports": [
        "linguistic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Vandal and Byzantine coins · arrivée de 429 et Carthage en 439",
      "author": "Musée de la Banque Centrale de Tunisie",
      "url": "https://musee.bct.gov.tn/en/collections",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "The Iberian Peninsula and North Africa · reconquête de 534",
      "author": "The New Cambridge History of Islam · Cambridge University Press, chapitre 14",
      "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/iberian-peninsula-and-north-africa/9A9EE1D2A88AE16900B38C3D4B0590DE",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dedication and Membership List of a Society · Gorgippia, 173–211",
      "author": "Philip A. Harland · Associations in the Greco-Roman World, transcription d’inscription",
      "url": "https://philipharland.com/greco-roman-associations/dedication-and-membership-list-frag-of-a-society-173-210-ce/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent",
      "author": "UNESCO World Heritage Centre · bien 1070",
      "url": "https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1070/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Dagh Bary · systèmes défensifs et recherche archéologique",
      "author": "Encyclopaedia Iranica",
      "url": "https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dagh-bary/",
      "supports": [
        "chronology",
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Pleiades · export de lieux au commit du 15 octobre 2026",
      "author": "Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU",
      "url": "https://github.com/isawnyu/pleiades.datasets/tree/5309788a6b3e4315fb3ebbc354294c85754e0033",
      "supports": [
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Grozny · GeoNames 558418, coordonnées et rôle administratif publiés",
      "author": "GeoNames · champs consultés le 16 octobre 2026",
      "url": "https://www.geonames.org/558418/grozny.html",
      "supports": [
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    },
    {
      "title": "Cliopatria v0.2.1 · noms, dates et contours sources",
      "author": "Seshat Global History Databank",
      "url": "https://github.com/Seshat-Global-History-Databank/cliopatria/tree/v0.2.1",
      "supports": [
        "geographic-context"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sourceCriticism": [
    {
      "topic": "Alains",
      "note": "Les contours Clio de 414–438 sont en Hispanie. Les Alains du Caucase sont documentés séparément. Le rapprochement étymologique Catalonia/Goth-Alania proposé par l’article de 1985 n’est pas repris comme preuve de frontière ou d’identité."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Khazars",
      "note": "Les textes anciens peuvent nommer Khazars des Turcs occidentaux. Les récits de conversion des dirigeants ne sont pas une religion ou une origine commune de toute la population ; leurs dates et interprétations restent distinctes."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Kimeks et Coumans",
      "note": "Le long intitulé Clio Kimek-Kipchak et les cartes Cuman des XIe–XIIIe siècles ne sont pas présumés représenter le même pouvoir ; les divergences géographiques sont conservées."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Circassie",
      "note": "La dépêche du 21 avril 1864 emploie un vocabulaire du XIXe siècle et annonce une fin de résistance. Elle ne prouve pas la fin de tous les combats ce jour-là. Les descriptions racialisantes du document ne sont pas adoptées et aucun pourcentage de victimes n’est repris sans recoupement."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Musée tunisien",
      "note": "La plage imprimée « 477–439 » pour Genséric est inversée ou erronée ; elle n’est pas reprise comme règne. Les dates de 429 et 439 sont distinguées de la conquête byzantine de 534."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Tchétchéno-Ingouchie",
      "note": "Certains rapports emploient ASSR pour le cadre de 1934. L’oblast autonome de 1934 et la république autonome de 1936 sont distingués ; l’interruption de 1944–1957 reste explicite."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Tchétchénie",
      "note": "Le texte constitutionnel de 1992 est une proclamation du pouvoir local. L’observation électorale de 1997 ne vaut pas reconnaissance étatique universelle. Le contour identique réutilisé en 2000–2005 ne prouve pas une continuité du même gouvernement."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Oubykhs",
      "note": "La mort du dernier locuteur pleinement compétent connu en 1992 ne signifie pas une extinction collective. Les éventuels usages de seconde langue et héritages ne sont pas effacés par une catégorie linguistique."
    },
    {
      "topic": "Statistiques",
      "note": "Les chiffres de recensements anciens, familles, tentes ou unités militaires ne sont pas présentés comme populations actuelles. Les notices communautaires peuvent se recouper et ne comptent pas automatiquement des peuples distincts."
    }
  ],
  "sourceAccess": [
    {
      "url": "https://www.prlib.ru/history/2112040",
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      "access": "indexed-chapter-excerpts",
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      "url": "https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/new-cambridge-history-of-islam/iberian-peninsula-and-north-africa/9A9EE1D2A88AE16900B38C3D4B0590DE",
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  "unavailableLegacySeshatIds": [
    "ru_khazar_emp",
    "kz_kimek_conf"
  ],
  "documentaryMap": "./documentary-map.json",
  "limits": [
    "La carte universitaire composite n’est pas un relevé de frontières à un jour précis et son dessin reste à examiner visuellement.",
    "Des dossiers propres restent à écrire pour Tarki, Kaitag, Kumukh et de nombreux autres pouvoirs.",
    "Aucune frontière ethnique ni disparition collective n’est déduite de la fin d’un État, d’un nom ou d’une langue.",
    "Les correspondances d’atlas peuvent partager des sources ; leur indépendance n’est pas affirmée.",
    "La couverture mondiale et la validation de chaque segment restent incomplètes."
  ]
}